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The notion of blind signature was rst introduced by Chaum [17] As a variant of digital signature, blind signature allows a user to get a signature without giving the signer any information about the actual message Just due to the unlinkability between the user and the signature, blind signature is very useful in privacy-oriented e-services such as e-cash and e-voting system [18] However, when the blind signature technique is applied in the practical e-cash system, the blindness property also incurs two obvious issues For example, to prevent a customer s double-spending his e-cash, the bank has to keep a database that stores all spent e-cash to check whether a speci c e-cash has been spent or not Clearly, such a database kept by the bank may unlimitedly grow The other issue is that the bank isn t able to inscribe the value on the blindly issued e-cash.

To believe the face value of e-cash, there are two conventional solutions: 1 The bank uses different public keys to link with such common information In this case, the shops and the customers must always carry a list of those public keys in their electronic wallet, which is typically a smart card whose memory is very limited 2 The bank uses the cut-and-choose algorithm in the withdrawal phase But this solution is not ef cient To address such issues in practice, the notion of partially blind signature was introduced by Abe and Fujisaki [19] A partially blind signature allows the signer to explicitly include some agreed-upon information in the blind signature Thus, using the partially blind signature in the e-cash system, we can prevent the bank s spent database from growing unlimitedly.

For these programs to work, the merchant, consumer, issuer, and acquiring bank must all be participating in the program. Make sure to verify that the acquiring bank supports these programs prior to set-up. Merchants will also need to verify the acquiring bank certi cation requirements.

which should not be confused with the generator polynomial of the code under analysis, g1 (X ) However, in this particular case, they are the same Therefore it is possible to say that is a root of g1 (X ) because, from Table B3, g1 ( ) = 1 + + 3 = 1 + + 1 + = 0 If is a root of g1 (X ), then it is also a root of any code polynomial g1 (X ) of the Hamming code Ccyc (7, 4), and this allows us to state a rst syndrome equation s1 = r ( ) As the degree of the generator polynomial is 3, there are still two other roots to be found for this polynomial.

Because the bank assures that each e-cash issued by itself contains the information it desires, such as the date information By embedding an expiration date into each e-cash issued by the bank, all expired e-cash recorded in the bank s database can be removed At the same time, each e-cash can be embedded with the face value, and the bank can know the value on the blindly issued e-cash In addition, many partially blind signature schemes have appeared recently [19, 20] In this study, the rst provably secure partially blind signature due to Abe and Okamoto [20] is adopted to realize the proposed universal authentication and billing architecture..

To add a scene, do one of the following:

exponentially distributed sleep-duration function When sleeping time expires, the sensor sends a probing message using transmission radius P Each active sensor that overhears this probing message should estimate whether or not its distance to the probing sensor is below P Since they are able to detect signals from a greater distance, up to R, they should apply signal strength (which is considered an unreliable measurement due to fading effect) or time-delay measurements to make the judgment If the distance is below P, then it sends (a/the) message to the probing sensor informing it about its activity Upon receiving such a response, the probing sensor again selects a new sleeping duration and continues to sleep, waking up at a later predetermined time to reevaluate the decision If the distance is above P, then no response is generated.

To understand more advanced telecommunication concepts, we need a rm knowledge of frequency and related parameters such as band and bandwidth, wavelength, period, and phase. Let us rst de ne frequency and relate it to everyday life. The IEEE de nes frequency as the number of complete cycles of sinusoidal variation per unit time. The time unit we will use is the second. For those readers with a